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Description
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Abstract
Transition of an evolving population to a new adaptive optimum is predicted to leave a signature in the distribution of effect sizes of fixed mutations. If they affect many traits (are pleiotropic), large effect mutations should contribute more when a population evolves to a farther adaptive peak than to a nearer peak. We tested this prediction in wild threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) by comparing the estimated frequency of large effect genetic changes underlying evolution as the same ancestor adapted to two lake types since the end of the ice age. A higher frequency of large effect genetic changes (quantitative trait loci) contributed to adaptive evolution in populations that adapted to lakes representing a more distant optimum than to lakes in which the optimum phenotype was nearer to the ancestral state. Our results also indicate that pleiotropy, not just optimum overshoot, contributes to this difference. These results suggest that a series of adaptive improvements to a new environment leaves a detectable mark in the genome of wild populations. Although not all assumptions of the theory are likely met in natural systems, the prediction may be robust enough to the complexities of natural environments to be useful when forecasting adaptive responses to large environmental changes. (2020-06-24)
Usage notes
Cranby E4 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Cranby E4 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Cranby E5 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Cranby E5 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Cranby E6 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Cranby E6 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Cranby E10 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Cranby E10 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Hoggan H5 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Hoggan H5 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Hoggan H7 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Hoggan H17 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Hoggan H17 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Hoggan H19 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Hoggan H19 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Graham 1 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Graham 1 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Graham 2 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Graham 2 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Graham 10 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Graham 10 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Graham 11 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Graham 11 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Paq A3 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Paq A3 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Paq A5 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Paq A5 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Paq A7 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Paq A7 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Paq A10 phenoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Paq A10 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.NHG wild genotypesMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female.Hoggan H7 genoMicrosatellite allele sizes are always presented as "smaller,larger" so that a 5 digit entry can be decoded as smaller=first 2 digits, larger=last 3 digits. A "0" or blank means data are missing. A 3-digit entry refers to a homozygote. For sex, a "1" refers to male while a "0" refers to female. (2020-06-24)
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